Abstract The ionospheric convection electric field is often assumed to be a potential field. This assumption is not always valid, especially when the ionosphere changes on short time scales T≲5 $T\lesssim 5$ min. We present a technique for estimating the induction electric field using ground magnetometer measurements. The technique is demonstrated...

Abstract While remote sensing has provided extensive insights into the global terrestrial water, carbon, and energy cycles, space-based retrievals remain limited in observing the belowground influence of the full soil moisture (SM) profile on ecosystem function. We show that this gap can be addressed when coupling 70 m resolution ECOsystem Spaceborne...

Abstract Sulfur-rich volcanic eruptions happen sporadically. If Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) were to be deployed, it is likely that explosive volcanic eruptions would happen during such a deployment. Here we use an ensemble of Earth System Model simulations to show how changing the injection strategy post-eruption could be used to reduce the...

Abstract The lower limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is the equatorward flow of dense waters formed through the cooling and freshening of the poleward-flowing upper limb. In the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA), upper limb variability is primarily set by the North Atlantic Current, whereas lower limb variability is less well...

Abstract The two phases of El-Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence both regional and global terrestrial vegetation productivity on inter-annual scales. However, the major drivers for the regional vegetation productivity and their controlling strengths during different phases of ENSO remain unclear. We herein disentangled the impacts of two phases...

Abstract Despite its importance for the global oxidative capacity, spatially resolved trends and variability of the hydroxyl radical (OH) are poorly constrained. We demonstrate the utility of a tropospheric column OH (TCOH) product, created from machine learning and satellite proxy data, in determining the spatial variability in trends of tropical...