Abstract Long-term and year-to-year changes in climate can cause anomalously warm and/or dry conditions, leading to periods with snowfall deficits known as snow droughts. How the occurrence of distinct types of snow drought has evolved at different spatial and temporal scales is not well understood. Here, we investigate how snow droughts and associated...

Abstract Geometric characteristics of subaqueous bedforms, such as height, length and leeside angle, are crucial for determining hydraulic form roughness and interpreting sedimentary records. Traditionally, bedform existence and geometry predictors are primarily based on uniform, cohesionless sediments. However, mixtures of sand, silt and clay are...

Abstract Fractures provide pathways for preferential flow, whereas porous rock acts as storage that delays fluid propagation through matrix imbibition. These dual-porosity mechanisms are investigated in laboratory experiments of partially saturated fracture infiltration. We analyze flow dynamics in terms of the fluid penetration depth in the fracture...

Abstract Floods following on streamflow droughts can have severe impacts. While they have been prominently featured by the media in recent years, we know little about their spatio-temporal variability. In this study, we analyze the occurrence and drivers of such drought-to-flood transitions by calculating transition lengths from droughts to floods...

Abstract Estimating snow conditions is often done using numerical snowpack evolution models at spatial resolutions of 500 m and greater; however, snow depth in complex terrain often varies on sub-meter scales. This study investigated how the spatial distribution of simulated snow conditions varied across seven model spatial resolutions from 30 to 1,000 m...

Abstract Investigations of water flow movements affected by vegetation is a research hotspot in vegetation ecological restoration. The theory and equations of the flow velocity distribution under the influence of rigid vegetation are relatively mature. This study proposes a new drag force equation that varies with the vegetation bending angle and a...