Abstract Wind is a critical driving force in hydrodynamic and water quality modeling of large shallow lakes, and is characterized by the wind drag coefficient C d, representing the momentum transfer at the air-water interface. Contemporary empirical formulae for C d estimation were derived over oceans and some of which are solely wind velocity U...

Abstract Spring snowmelt occurs for a short duration on an annual time scale, but their timings considerably affect the carbon and hydrological cycle in high-latitude ecosystems. Here, we developed a simple snowmelt model, treating the ecosystem surface as a bulk-surface layer. Energy fluxes across this bulk surface and the snow-soil boundary determine...

Abstract Agricultural run-off exposes recipient water bodies to nitrate (NO3 −) pollution. Biological denitrification is a suitable method for removing NO3 − in water resources that can be induced by the use of industrial organic liquid waste as an electron donor source. In light of this, batch and column laboratory experiments were performed to...

Abstract Widely distributed in natural rivers and coasts, vegetation interacts with fluid flows and sediments in a variable and complicated manner. Such interactions make it difficult to predict associated drag forces during sediment transport. This paper investigates the drag coefficient for an emergent vegetated patch area under nonuniform flow and...

Abstract The initiation threshold of sediment motion, a key component in quantifying sediment transport, has potential link to intermittent turbulence bursts. Here, we elaborated in situ experiments on coastal sea bottom covered with cohesive sediments, to obtain intermittency parameters. The variable “waiting time” between turbulence bursts was utilized...

Abstract Although several laboratory studies on the propagation of bed load pulses were carried out in the last decades, most studies neglect grain-size-specific aspects or use invasive measurement techniques. To remedy the situation, we present a novel, time-efficient and non-destructive laboratory technique to investigate grain-size-specific transport...