Abstract The majority of ice mass loss from Antarctica flows through narrow, fast sliding regions of ice. The lateral boundaries of these regions, termed shear margins, are characterized by lateral shear strains in excess of ∼10−3 yr−1. Shear heating within these margins could warm ice significantly–even to the melting point–but other processes such...

Abstract The mechanisms governing a commonly observed seismic velocity drop in the cratonic lithosphere, referred to as the mid-lithospheric discontinuity (MLD), have been widely debated. To identify the composition and seismic structure of MLDs, we have analyzed Sp receiver functions (SRF) and mantle xenocrysts for six regions across Australia. We...

Abstract Coastal El Niño is an extreme situation of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with sea surface temperature warming confined in the far-eastern equatorial Pacific. Some coastal El Niños evolve into a basin scale El Niño, and some don't, implying a diversity in ENSO evolutions after a coastal El Niño event. In this study, the coastal El Niños...

Abstract We investigated how spatial variations in tidal heating affect Io's isostatic topography at long wavelengths. The long-wavelength relief is less than the 0.3 km uncertainty in Io's global shape. Assuming Airy isostasy, degree-2 topography <0.3 km amplitude is only possible if surface heat flux varies spatially by <19% of the mean value....

Abstract Black carbon (BC) has emerged as an integral part of the global carbon (C) cycle, constituting 12% ± 5% of the organic C pool in rivers and soils, with the potential to generate negative climate feedback. However, its ability to sequester C depends on the recalcitrant nature of BC in the environment, which is under debate. Using CTO-375 method...

Abstract Electron microburst precipitation has been shown to have significant potential for depletion of the outer radiation belt. We present observations from the Balloon Array for Radiation belt Relativistic Electron Losses (BARREL) of six (five unique and one dual-balloon observation) microburst events, each containing minutes to hours of persistent...